In your professional judgment, what is an example of an outstanding Term Paper

In your professional judgment, what is an example of an outstanding strategic decision or what is an example of a failed strateg - Term Paper Example Include the source(s) of your information within your contribution in the sentences. Be very specific. Use  single  space block form for your contribution with double spacing between paragraphs.   In explaining the strategic approach that you consider a success or a failure, you should answer the following questions:   1. Which of the stages of strategic management in action (page 30 of Coulter) initiated the success or failure of the strategy? Was it a good/bad idea from the beginning?   2. What does the organization perceive as its competitive advantage (page 31 of Coulter)? How was this affected by the strategy in question?   3. What driving force or which driving forces of the new business environment (pages 36-44 of Coulter) assisted or helped defeat the strategy in question?   4. How did external opportunities and threats affect the success or failure of the strategy in question (Chapter 3 of Coulter)?   You may decide to choose a public organization (e.g. unive rsity such as Northwest or a public hospital center). Whether you choose a for-profit organization or a not-for-profit organization, explain the situation clearly and completely as possible. Refer to the Coulter text in your explanation.   This particular instance, the focus was on to find inquisitive insight about a strategy decision that a company had to implement in order to survive in the fast-paced environment of the corporate world. One of the interesting issues relating to this was the decision of Blue Cross Blue Shield demanding a hospital to cut its overhead cost. Without prior knowledge and being subjective, one would think that the insurance company is at fault. However, one cannot make that judgment without understanding the complexity of the issue at hand. Blue Cross Blue Shield was faced with a dilemma. As an insurance business, the company must made essential strategy decisions that impact its future growth. In this particular scenario, the company did benchmark tes ting and determined that the rate the hospital charges the company is too high within the hospitals at its region. Blue Cross determined that the hospital should cut its cost by 10% through any means possible. This is partly due to the fact that the company was losing money as it had an obligation to pay its patient’s premiums. Undoubtedly, the hospital responded by adequately cutting its costs. This was beneficial for both companies as it not only build a solid relationship and enabled the companies to diminish unnecessary costs. Moreover, it enabled Blue Cross Blue shield to give better discount rates to hospitals, doctor groups, members and enabled them to compete in a very competitive environment. If the company did not make the strategic decision, it would have given hospital the leverage to go in a market and attract another insurance company. Since Blue Cross Blue Shield targets large groups, it seemed sufficient for the company to challenge the traditional rates of th e hospital. If it failed to do so, it would have lost a small majority of its members in the network which would have made the company suffer in overall long-term profits. Strategic decision making is defined as set of alternate decisions that affect key factors which impacts the success of an organization’s strategy. Strategic decisions differ from Tactical decisions because tactical decisions are based on day to day implementation which requires several steps to reach a particular strategy. Blue Cross Blue s

The essence of human being, The Grand Inquisitor, Brother Karamozovs Essay Example for Free

The essence of human being, The Grand Inquisitor, Brother Karamozovs Essay The essence of human being Since ancient times by different scientists have tried to give a precise definition of the nature of man. The concept of human nature extremely broad, it can be used to describe not only the greatness and strength of a man, but also weakness and disadvantages. Human nature is unique in its contradictory unity of the material and the spiritual sides. However, with this concept, we can only see the contradictions in tragic way of human nature. A man cannot jump out of him/her body shell, and forget about it. Man is able to realize the contradictions of his nature, to understand that it belongs to the conflicting worlds the world of freedom and the world of necessary physical needs. Not everyone can middle between spiritual and material things. Hence, nobody can find what more important thing is for human being. In legend of Grand Inquisitor, on the main characters, Grand Inquisitor discussed about human nature, he gave own explanation. According to Grand Inquisitor points, the human nature is weak, rebel, materialist, and does not want to possess freedom. However, it is very difficult to give exact definition of human nature, because it depends on individual and every person has own way life. The most important thing in the world is earthly bread. Grand inquisitor said that people cannot live without material things. If somebody gave earthly bread mankind would follow him/her. Even though, there are people who value only heavenly bread; they cannot live without earthly bread, as freedom cannot feed them. Grand Inquisitor said that even if adherents of Jesus will be free. Followers cannot live without satisfying physical needs and they will look for the materialists. These free men will be dependent on materialists, because they do not have anything. Mankind will do anything for earthly bread. Possession of material things brings a satisfaction for people. However if humanity does not possess such satisfaction, then they can destroy everything for a piece of bread. At the end, mankind will proclaim that all actions were done for the common good. The second point is freedom, that it is the most difficult burden for human nature. Grand Inquisitor said that people try to find a tutor in order to he/she was responsible for their actions. In return, people will bow down before him/her, because tutor eliminates because he/she saves people from worries of the decision-making. Moreover, Grand Inquisitor believed that the searching of tutelage is the need for general obedience of humanity. It means that people always will find object of worship. People will destroy each other for their gods, because of everyone thinks that his/her God is the best. Finally, people do not want to make decision by themselves, because eventually they will be charged with actions. The third point is that human nature is weak. Grand Inquisitor believed that not everyone can withstand a spiritual freedom. Since, people try to quickly pass the freedom to those who soothe their consciences. Only a few will be able to live free as a simple human happiness and freedom of conscience are not compatible. For achievement of human happiness, people often deceive, betray and even kill, thus forgetting about the basic moral principles. The fourth point, that humanity is made a rebel. Grand Inquisitor believed that people will always revolt, because they always desire something. if somebody satisfies their wishes, then they will give up him/her. Accordingly, earthly bread, the most important is partially true. People cannot live without satisfying physical needs. People are created so that their body requires constant energy. If people do not have basic living conditions, they will do everything to achieve the goal. If people physical provide their basic needs such as food, clothing, and dwelling, they can think about other things. Consequently, the next step is spiritual self-development. Unfortunately, not all develop themselves, because some people think that possession of wealth is the development of humankind. Freedom is the hardest thing for human nature. Furthermore, people do not want to care, make decision by themselves. It means that most of people do not want to bear responsibility. Thus, there is a prejudice about responsibility. Many people believe that the responsibility is the obligation for a certain action. The duty is when people are forced to do something without desire by external factors or other people. Accordingly, responsibility is own desire of real understanding that things which happens in life. Every human being can be obligatory and at the same time irresponsible. It means that, when every person takes a job position, he/she has certain functions and duties. For example, a cook in the student cafeteria has own responsibilities and functions. Chef can cook unpalatable or undercooked food, but nevertheless he/she has fulfilled him/her obligation. Hence, everyone can perform own duties and functions, however do own job irresponsibly. Every man is weak or strong in own way, it depends on the person. When a person is born, his soul as glass, clear and transparent. All the good and bad (Grand Inquisitor’s points of human being) traits are laid in man. With time the glass gets dirty and dusty, also the soul become dirty and dusty, but some souls stay in pure condition. Moreover, not all souls can clear themselves from mud and dust. Purity of the soul is an attribute of morally the strongest people. Unfortunately, not everyone is born and can be a strong morally. That’s why, some people are susceptible to defects such as material things, lies, betrayal, and so on. Development of defects in human soul depends on the external and internal factors. For example, manifestation of soul disadvantages may occur due to bad upbringing. If the parents are not paying enough attention to own child, do not develop in him/her the moral qualities or maybe even the parents themselves do not have any moral character thus being an example to own child. In broad terms, a person can be described as creature possessing the will, the mind, the higher senses, ability to communicate and work. However, to give a more precise definition of the essence of man is very difficult, because it depends on individual. Grand Inquisitor did good and logical points about human nature, but if these points really describe the essence of every person, then a society, which Grand Inquisitor wanted create, would exist until to the present day. The essence of human nature depends on many factors, for example moral principles, perception and understanding of world, beliefs, aspirations and so on. Consequently, the nature of humanity depends on way of life that every person chooses in life.

The Three Paradigms In Society Essay -- essays papers Sociology

â€Å"The Three Paradigms in Society† Functionalist paradigm, conflict paradigm, and symbolic interaction paradigm are the three major paradigms that function in today’s society. Functionalist, and conflict paradigms are macro-sociological paradigms. Symbolic interaction is a micro-sociological paradigm. Functionalist paradigm focuses on the integration of society, while social conflict focuses on the issue of division among society. Symbolic interaction works on communication and social change as a consequence. The three paradigms are completely different from each other in a social point of view. The macro-sociological paradigms view America as an inequality state. The social conflict paradigm fits today’s society. The functionalist paradigm focuses on the integration of society, and how society how its own groups which has their own functions to help improve the peoples lives. Functionalist paradigm fits in the category of macro-sociology, because it focuses on the patterns that shape an entire society. Functionalists believe that society is maintained through the thought of trust and consensus on moral values for ideal behavior. Working together will result in a stable social environment that will create equality. Conflicts or dysfunctions will be view as a disease in the social system. Social conflict paradigm believes that society is divided into many groups that have their own goals, and that certain parts of the world have the luck of benefiting economic dominan...

Advance Strategic Planning

Advanced Strategic Planning was written by Aubrey Malphurs and was first published in 1999 with the over-all purpose of providing the church and its leadership a good strategic planning process that will help it them move from a stage of stagnant growth to a period of change and revitalization.   The book offers a nine-step strategic thinking and acting models and diagrams that help illustrate concepts.   The updated edition of the book has put emphasis on disciple making.Malphurs, who has authored many books on church leadership and strategy, is a professor of Pastoral Ministries at Dallas Theological Seminary. He specializes in teaching pastors how to think strategically and move their congregation to growth and accomplishment of goals.He is also the president of the Malphurs Group, a consulting organization which provides training and consultation services for churches that sees the need for help in the area of church growth.Malphurs started the book by stating that almost all institutions today, such as churches, go through a sigmoid or S-curve pattern of growth or life cycle, in which a church begins and experiences rapid growth in all areas, achieves a point a comfort zone of routines and programs, and later on declines and eventually dies.Malphurs, in his book, perceives the S-curve life cycle pattern as a problem besetting most churches by stating that:â€Å"The message or lesson of the sigmoid curve is that all good things (and even some bad things) end†¦ Even brand-new institutions and organizations such as a church will, in time, plateau and then die. No matter what institution it is, organizational â€Å"dry rot† sets in.   The institution becomes brittle, ceases to function, and expires† (Malphurs 2005, 11).Given the abovementioned problem Malphurs argues that as soon as the church feels that it now reached the point of staggering growth and plateau, it should in a way re-invent itself through careful planning and adoption of new set of core values (whenever necessary) in order to propel it back to a period of significant growth.This will mean reviewing and restructuring the various aspects of church life such as its core values, personnel, congregation, prevailing culture, finances, community where it is interacting, among others, through a strategic planning process.A handful of suggestions on how to carry out the conduct of this strategic planning was provided lengthily and was discussed in an almost detailed manner by Malphurs.StrengthsDrawing from a wealth of experience as a pastor, professor and consultant, Malphurs have provided significant and doable ways of carrying out the strategic revitalization process.   Perhaps using his personal experience of leading a church, he was able to address a lot of pitfalls and traps that a pastor and church leader should avoid in strategic planning.His experience and love for the ministry and church transcends all throughout the book, making a pastor or a leader, whose church is going through a period of plateau in terms of growth, reading the book feel that the book was written specifically for him and his flock.   Malphurs has a heart for the local church.   The strategic planning is simply his response to the problem that he perceives. [1]It was also made clear in the book that the pastor or church leaders can’t do the process and implement changes alone, every member of the congregation must be informed properly for them to be involved in all facets of the process.   The need to effectively communicate the vision was emphasized and strongly recommended. Malphurs writes:If you conduct secret meetings and fail to communicate in general what happens in those meetings, you will not be able to lead the congregation because they will no trust you (63).An unwavering support on the ongoing strategic planning process will only come from a church member who clearly understands the what and why’s of his/her churchâ€℠¢s call for a strategic planning.Although the book is in fact a â€Å"how-to† sort of manual, Malphurs succeeded in finding a biblical basis for the conduct of the strategic planning.   This makes the book grounded on the godly and biblical principles of leadership.An obvious strength of the book is the manner it challenged church pastors and leaders to think critically regarding its mission, vision, values, and congregational structure. Provoking questions are injected throughout the book to guide its readers in propelling the church in a certain direction that will eventually lead to the realization of their mission and vision.Malphurs is very strong in recommending the necessity of adopting a mission and vision statements in churches. To further guide his readers, Malphurs also made a clear distinction between values, missions, and functions.Armed with the understanding that churches will definitely look different in varying contexts, he stresses the value of injecting p rofessionalism and excellence in all ministry undertakings which is and should be a characteristic of any church desiring to grow.David Murrow also sees this need when he wrote, â€Å"Men appreciate excellence†¦Excellent doesn’t mean slick, canned or superficial. It simply means everything done well (Col. 3:23).†[2]Malphurs also tediously provided helpful tools and sample evaluation forms that will help a church start the strategic planning process.   He make sure that churches who will decide to embark in the strategic planning process already have the tools, which can be modified if they opt to, to keep the process going and evaluated.WeaknessesAlthough well-written, the book still has some few unhelpful aspects and needs thoughtful consideration from a critical reader.Malphurs have excellently provided a book for strategic thinking pastors but have missed out those who are implementers and dreamers in nature, reality will tell us that there are pastors who se e that their calling evolves on activities such as teaching, preaching, evangelism, visitation, etc.Strategic planning is not an exciting and needed activity for pastors and leaders who fall under these characteristics, for them church growth and dynamism depends on going out and reaching the unreached.Another important concern that Malphurs alluded is the average period of time it will take for the whole process of defining the church’s mission, discovering their values, catching the vision, and actually coming up with a plan will be done.He noted that it could take five (5) years just to get everybody on board. Unfortunately, nowadays,   a pastoral longevity in a certain church is only 3 to 4 years.   George Barna stated: â€Å"The average tenure of a pastor in Protestant churches has declined to just 4 years—even though studies consistently show that pastors experience their most productive and influential ministry in years 5 through 14 of their pastorate.† [3]The book also failed in considering the value of preaching the Word of God, reaching out the lost, and healthy fellowship among members of the congregation, in spurring growth in the church.The â€Å"Readiness for Change† inventory contains factors necessary for organizational change, but it is interesting to note that Malphurs have missed to include prayer. For any change to take place in a church, the leaders and members of the church should devote time in praying.ConclusionOverall much is to be commended in Malphurs’ book. It is a very practical book.   The strengths of the book outweigh the weaknesses.   The weaknesses stated should not detract a one from reading the book.Although there are some suggestions made by Malphurs that in one way or another is not supported biblically, such as not putting older men and women in the leadership as opposed to the scripture’s advice to have the older men and women teaching the younger ones, the book still off ers sound and helpful principles of strategically leading and managing a church.The objectives set by Malphurs in writing the book are achieved, he perceived a problem, and he has provided in great detail a solution to the problem. He has skillfully presented a sys aforementioned, his wealth of experience have made every argument he presented convincing and worth trying for.The book is a valuable reading and tool for young, soon-to-be pastors, pastors, elders, church staff members, and lay leaders, or for anyone who is in one way or another involved in church leadership.However, a word of caution, one should be very careful in accepting that the book is the cure-all answer to the problems besetting the churches today.   It is a guide, a good and helpful guide, but it doesn’t contain all the answers to church issues and problems.   Pastors and leaders of the church should still bear in mind what is stated Proverbs 16:9 says â€Å"The mind of man plans his way; But the LOR D directs his steps.†Ã‚   The Lord is still the sovereign one, if it is His Will it will definitely happen. [1]. Owen Strachan,   Reviews: Advanced Strategic Planning by Aubrey Malphurs, (9Marks Reviews , 2008) [article available online], www.alliance.net, date accessed July 21, 2009 [2]. David Murrow, How Women Help Men Find God, (Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2008) [3].   George Barna, The Second Coming of the Church, (Nashville: Word Publishing, 1998), 5. Advance Strategic Planning Advanced Strategic Planning was written by Aubrey Malphurs and was first published in 1999 with the over-all purpose of providing the church and its leadership a good strategic planning process that will help it them move from a stage of stagnant growth to a period of change and revitalization.   The book offers a nine-step strategic thinking and acting models and diagrams that help illustrate concepts.   The updated edition of the book has put emphasis on disciple making.Malphurs, who has authored many books on church leadership and strategy, is a professor of Pastoral Ministries at Dallas Theological Seminary. He specializes in teaching pastors how to think strategically and move their congregation to growth and accomplishment of goals.He is also the president of the Malphurs Group, a consulting organization which provides training and consultation services for churches that sees the need for help in the area of church growth.Malphurs started the book by stating that almost all institutions today, such as churches, go through a sigmoid or S-curve pattern of growth or life cycle, in which a church begins and experiences rapid growth in all areas, achieves a point a comfort zone of routines and programs, and later on declines and eventually dies.Malphurs, in his book, perceives the S-curve life cycle pattern as a problem besetting most churches by stating that:â€Å"The message or lesson of the sigmoid curve is that all good things (and even some bad things) end†¦ Even brand-new institutions and organizations such as a church will, in time, plateau and then die. No matter what institution it is, organizational â€Å"dry rot† sets in.   The institution becomes brittle, ceases to function, and expires† (Malphurs 2005, 11).Given the abovementioned problem Malphurs argues that as soon as the church feels that it now reached the point of staggering growth and plateau, it should in a way re-invent itself through careful planning and adoption of new set of core values (whenever necessary) in order to propel it back to a period of significant growth.This will mean reviewing and restructuring the various aspects of church life such as its core values, personnel, congregation, prevailing culture, finances, community where it is interacting, among others, through a strategic planning process.A handful of suggestions on how to carry out the conduct of this strategic planning was provided lengthily and was discussed in an almost detailed manner by Malphurs.StrengthsDrawing from a wealth of experience as a pastor, professor and consultant, Malphurs have provided significant and doable ways of carrying out the strategic revitalization process.   Perhaps using his personal experience of leading a church, he was able to address a lot of pitfalls and traps that a pastor and church leader should avoid in strategic planning.His experience and love for the ministry and church transcends all throughout the book, making a pastor or a leader, whose church is going through a period of plateau in terms of growth, reading the book feel that the book was written specifically for him and his flock.   Malphurs has a heart for the local church.   The strategic planning is simply his response to the problem that he perceives. [1]It was also made clear in the book that the pastor or church leaders can’t do the process and implement changes alone, every member of the congregation must be informed properly for them to be involved in all facets of the process.   The need to effectively communicate the vision was emphasized and strongly recommended. Malphurs writes:If you conduct secret meetings and fail to communicate in general what happens in those meetings, you will not be able to lead the congregation because they will no trust you (63).An unwavering support on the ongoing strategic planning process will only come from a church member who clearly understands the what and why’s of his/her churchâ€℠¢s call for a strategic planning.Although the book is in fact a â€Å"how-to† sort of manual, Malphurs succeeded in finding a biblical basis for the conduct of the strategic planning.   This makes the book grounded on the godly and biblical principles of leadership.An obvious strength of the book is the manner it challenged church pastors and leaders to think critically regarding its mission, vision, values, and congregational structure. Provoking questions are injected throughout the book to guide its readers in propelling the church in a certain direction that will eventually lead to the realization of their mission and vision.Malphurs is very strong in recommending the necessity of adopting a mission and vision statements in churches. To further guide his readers, Malphurs also made a clear distinction between values, missions, and functions.Armed with the understanding that churches will definitely look different in varying contexts, he stresses the value of injecting p rofessionalism and excellence in all ministry undertakings which is and should be a characteristic of any church desiring to grow.David Murrow also sees this need when he wrote, â€Å"Men appreciate excellence†¦Excellent doesn’t mean slick, canned or superficial. It simply means everything done well (Col. 3:23).†[2]Malphurs also tediously provided helpful tools and sample evaluation forms that will help a church start the strategic planning process.   He make sure that churches who will decide to embark in the strategic planning process already have the tools, which can be modified if they opt to, to keep the process going and evaluated.WeaknessesAlthough well-written, the book still has some few unhelpful aspects and needs thoughtful consideration from a critical reader.Malphurs have excellently provided a book for strategic thinking pastors but have missed out those who are implementers and dreamers in nature, reality will tell us that there are pastors who se e that their calling evolves on activities such as teaching, preaching, evangelism, visitation, etc.Strategic planning is not an exciting and needed activity for pastors and leaders who fall under these characteristics, for them church growth and dynamism depends on going out and reaching the unreached.Another important concern that Malphurs alluded is the average period of time it will take for the whole process of defining the church’s mission, discovering their values, catching the vision, and actually coming up with a plan will be done.He noted that it could take five (5) years just to get everybody on board. Unfortunately, nowadays,   a pastoral longevity in a certain church is only 3 to 4 years.   George Barna stated: â€Å"The average tenure of a pastor in Protestant churches has declined to just 4 years—even though studies consistently show that pastors experience their most productive and influential ministry in years 5 through 14 of their pastorate.† [3]The book also failed in considering the value of preaching the Word of God, reaching out the lost, and healthy fellowship among members of the congregation, in spurring growth in the church.The â€Å"Readiness for Change† inventory contains factors necessary for organizational change, but it is interesting to note that Malphurs have missed to include prayer. For any change to take place in a church, the leaders and members of the church should devote time in praying.ConclusionOverall much is to be commended in Malphurs’ book. It is a very practical book.   The strengths of the book outweigh the weaknesses.   The weaknesses stated should not detract a one from reading the book.Although there are some suggestions made by Malphurs that in one way or another is not supported biblically, such as not putting older men and women in the leadership as opposed to the scripture’s advice to have the older men and women teaching the younger ones, the book still off ers sound and helpful principles of strategically leading and managing a church.The objectives set by Malphurs in writing the book are achieved, he perceived a problem, and he has provided in great detail a solution to the problem. He has skillfully presented a sys aforementioned, his wealth of experience have made every argument he presented convincing and worth trying for.The book is a valuable reading and tool for young, soon-to-be pastors, pastors, elders, church staff members, and lay leaders, or for anyone who is in one way or another involved in church leadership.However, a word of caution, one should be very careful in accepting that the book is the cure-all answer to the problems besetting the churches today.   It is a guide, a good and helpful guide, but it doesn’t contain all the answers to church issues and problems.   Pastors and leaders of the church should still bear in mind what is stated Proverbs 16:9 says â€Å"The mind of man plans his way; But the LOR D directs his steps.†Ã‚   The Lord is still the sovereign one, if it is His Will it will definitely happen. [1]. Owen Strachan,   Reviews: Advanced Strategic Planning by Aubrey Malphurs, (9Marks Reviews , 2008) [article available online], www.alliance.net, date accessed July 21, 2009 [2]. David Murrow, How Women Help Men Find God, (Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2008) [3].   George Barna, The Second Coming of the Church, (Nashville: Word Publishing, 1998), 5.

Mark Twain’s work, Life on the Mississippi River

Literary critics admittedly point out that there are many themes which run along Mark Twain’s work, Life on the Mississippi River. However, there is always schism as some critics point out that Twain’s works were rife with thematic undertones which were mainly bereft of human ideals such as justice, equality, suffering and tragedy. These critics maintain that given Twain’s leanings towards atheism, he possesses more compunction to delve on moralist ideals. On the other hand, there are critics who point out that Mark Twain’s themes straddle both moralist and non moralist matters, irrespective of his leanings on religious matters. Nevertheless, it is lucid that humanitarian and moralist themes run along his work, Life on the Mississippi River. This paper therefore seeks to establish the veracity of this standpoint. Introduction The book entitled, Life on the Mississippi River is Mark Twain’s memoir that detailed the days he spent as a Mississippi River steamboat pilot in a period anteceding and succeeding the American Civil War. Mark Twain opens the book by giving a short description of the Mississippi River from its point of discovery by Hernando De Soto in 1542. The book continues with Mark Twain’s anecdotes relatable to Twain’s training as a steamboat pilot, according to his own words, the â€Å"cub† of an expert pilot. This book that greatly describes his affections and the science behind navigating the dynamic Mississippi River was initially published in 1876 under the title, the Old Times on the Mississippi. The fact that there are sundry and ominous themes that run deep in this book is portrayed in the fact that the second part, does not constrain itself to describing Twain’s return to travel from St. Louis to New Orleans on a steamboat after many years; but on the contrary, thematic and emotive topics akin to greed, tragedy, gullibility and bad architecture run deep in this work piece. This paper therefore takes to dwell on the themes of tragedy and greed as they run along dominantly in this book, Life in the Mississippi. First off, the theme of tragedy appears in the book’s sample of the authorâ€⠄¢s missive to his sister- in- law, Orion. The book, mentions that five days prior to the composition of this letter, an explosion occurred in a steamboat which had carried Mark Twain’s younger brother, Henry. This development that took place in Pennsylvania left Henry heavily injured. Mark Twain who would have been piloting with his brother, save for some circumstances, was in Memphis, reunited with his brother Henry two days after this explosion, and for six more days, nursed him when he succumbed, being one among the hundreds who perished in the exploitation. According to Fishkin (1998, 121), the theme of tragedy plays strongly, being depicted by the author as that which is inevitable, and as such, no effort can be concocted to avoid it. The inevitable nature of tragedy is clearly brought out by the fact that Mark Twain had a month earlier, already foreseen his brother’s death in a well detailed dream. In almost the same wavelength, the book through the author advises the readers on the way tragedy should be met. The above reality is clearly depicted by the fact that despite the pain of bereavement and guilt that bore heavily on Mark Twain’s mind, he put on a brave face, and continued to work in the river as the river pilot- a feat that was extirpated in 1861 when the American Civil War broke out. This is because the traffic within and along the Mississippi was severed. Similarly, the author depicts the normal nature by which the pain of tragedy is met. Herein, Mark Twain is left subject to intense feeling of guilt and pain, due to the feel that he did not do enough to nip his brother’s death in the bud. It is while in the midst of this emotional turmoil that Mark Twain ventures into the field of parapsychology, deviating from his former involvement in the Society for Physical Research. Kruse (1991, 75) maintains that as the author, Mark Twain does not make a dereliction of the concept and practice slavery. This book presents Missouri as a historical slave state for the South, being represented by in the Federal and Confederate governments at the time of civil war. In a sketchy depiction, Twain intimates of he and his comrades having been volunteers for the Confederacy up to closely two weeks. At the same time, it is this issue of slavery which acts as the hotbed from which the American Civil War springs. Likewise, relatable tragic concepts such as the suffering and the exploitation of the slaves who are mainly blacks comes to the attention of Union, though the South warms up to it as it remains very lucrative; as it is tantamount to free labor. Tragic it is that scarcely did many farmers and small scale industrialists see the need to accord slaves, the African Americans whom they regarded as their mere chattels, with decent domicile, sufficient victuals and proper vestments, leaving alone a pay for any work done. It is by this depiction of the contradictive lifestyle between the slave owners in Missouri and their slaves that Twain presents the tragedy of human avarice that would have human beings exploit their fellows without any remorse. In a cleverly calculated artifice to show his disdain for this exploitation through slavery and his depiction of it as a practice doomed for failure, Twain depicts this as the crux of the antithetical stance that the Unionists and Southerners had towards each other; with a war christened, The American Civil War being the culmination of this affair; the South greatly loosing and the door for the total proscription of slavery being opened (Twain, 2004, 99). Again, in a cleverly packaged stylistic approach, Twain revisits the theme of tragedy and suffering as being caused by war, even the American Civil War. It is no secret that Twain speaks of himself generatively so that in his sufferings, he has the ability to represent the painful experiences of many others. A case in point is Mark Twain’s self depiction of a youthful individual who had grown up along the precincts of the Mississippi River where he also earned his livelihood. Nevertheless, Twain’s life and means of livelihood is interfered with by the war as he is one of the many who are forced to abandon the steamboat pilot career with the advent of the war. It is only after two decades that Twain returns to the Mississippi River, only to be met with wide scale changes that have materialized in the area. At this juncture, apart from the socio- cultural changes that have taken place, the tributaries of the Mississippi River have undergone transformation too. Similarly, Mark Twain like many others returns to find remarkable persons who have all become an integral part of the nation’s forgotten history. The above situation means that forever; lives along the Mississippi River had undergone an irrevocable transformation as families remained severed from their members; while others had their professions and means of earning a living extirpated as the tributaries of the Mississippi totally changed. All these occurrences are attempts by Mark Twain to depict the tragedies that the American Civil War bequeathed the Americans- tragedies which were so pervasive, cutting across all the spheres of life: social, economic and cultural spectra (Pettit 2004, 161). In almost the same vein, the theme of avarice tampered with concepts of tragedy remains rampant in this piece of literature, with the former being seen to be the causative agent of the latter. Watkins (2004) maintains that in a picturesque manner, Twain mentions of the technological developments which were materializing in the US at the time, such as the development of the steamboat, which spurned the boat construction industry. Running concomitant with this development was the radical changes and efforts to ameliorate the railway system. Although all these developments sparked off industrial developments, the unfortunate development that came alongside this was the dingy, shoddy and substandard constrictions which Mark Twain recounts as having caused massive numbers of deaths. Twain depicts the poor and pronto constructions which were hurried through with the need to rake in quick lucre as being the prime reason behind the sad situation. Again, tragedy plays along here, as these poor constructions which were greedily hurried through, collapsed, claiming the lives of many innocent. Conclusion It is therefore clear that the theme of tragedy plays along in Twain’s book with matters akin to anthropocentricity taking the center stage. This is because, beyond the reporting of the practices which directly compromised human rights, the real need behind the writing of the novel was meant at mirroring the society so that ameliorative socio- cultural and economic practices could be welcome. At this juncture, it is therefore easy to see that core matters which are relatable to human ideals such as equality for all claim center stage in Twain’s writings.

Patrick Henry and the Virginia Conference essays

Patrick Henry and the Virginia Conference essays The American Revolution, as written by historian Gordon Wood was as radical and as revolutionary as any in history. Twenty- first century definitions of the word radical are: thoroughgoing or extreme, especially as regards change from accepted or traditional forms; favoring drastic political, economic, or social reforms, radical ideas and ideologies and forming a basis or foundation. These definitions all apply to the American Revolution by todays standards. When you take a step back and envision the colonists and especially the signers of the Declaration of Independence consider their circumstances. The word radical becomes even more significant and appropriate. In the book, From Resistance to Revolution, historian Pauline Maier gives some insight into the term radical. To understand the emergent revolutionary movement, this study concentrates upon men in the vanguard of opposition to Britain, whom I have chosen to call radicals. The term has pitfalls. The word itself is an a nachronism, since it was first applied to political groups only in the nineteenth century. (Observers in the 1760s and 1770s sometimes used the word violent much as we use radical, without necessarily implying the commission of acts of violence in the modern sense, which has itself encouraged historical confusion.) Radical is, nonetheless, a legitimate and in fact technically exact word for describing men who most thoroughly criticized British governing practices, seeking always a return to what they considered traditional principles of British rule. (Maier, xviii) Prior to tensions mounting with the British Parliament and King, American Colonists were immersed in a society with a class structure and a clear hierarchy with the King at the top. Initially Colonists were very happy to be British subjects but that sentiment dissipated as time progressed and taxes, proc...

Financial Incentives in Health Care Essays

Financial Incentives in Health Care Essays Financial Incentives in Health Care Paper Financial Incentives in Health Care Paper In Delivering Healthcare in America, a book by Leiyu Shi and Douglas Singh, the author explains that although in the US healthcare the primary payer is the government, the systems has a disproportionate amount of health plans and insurance policies that only complicate the system. The current financial incentive policies in place that attempts to control the delivery of health care has also been seen to promote demand creation, where an artificial demand is prompted by healthcare providers who have financial gain in mind (Shi Singh, 2008). In an effort to curb the tendency of healthcare providers, who are operating under financial incentives, to require unnecessary care or too little care in the interest of financial gain, managed care programs have been introduced in the system. : These care programs are organized in such a way that care providers received a fixed salary as opposed to a financial incentive, affecting care provision in that the provider’s focus in removed from their financial gain.   According to Chaix-Couturier, Durand-Zaleski, Jolly and Durieux (2000), this system has greatly improved the provision of care, where the focus has moved from treating illnesses to promoting wellness. Similarly, Shi and Singh (2008) explains that in an effort to cut the cost of health care spending, the government has implemented heavy regulations that have cut reimbursements to health care providers, as a response care providers have by limiting inpatient care, promoting outpatient alternatives and creating new modes of healthcare delivery such as home health care and long-term care. In evaluating financial incentives in the healthcare system in relation to its effectiveness and its influence on type of care provided collection of data is not enough, there must be a theoretical evaluation based on the idea of professional practice. Chaix-Couturier, C.,   Durand-Zaleski, I., Jolly, D. Durieux, P. (2000). Effects of Financial Incentives on Medical Practice: Results from a Systematic Review of the Literature and Methodological Issues. International Journal for Quality and Healthcare volume 12:1,133-142. Shi, L. Singh, D. (2008). Delivering Healthcare in America: A Systems Approach. Sudburry, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.

John Buford in the Civil War

John Buford in the Civil War Major General John Buford was a noted cavalry officer in the Union Army during the Civil War. Though from a slave-holding family in Kentucky, he elected to remain loyal to the Union when fighting began in 1861. Buford distinguished himself at the Second Battle of Manassas and later held several important cavalry positions in the Army of the Potomac. He is best remembered for the role he played during the early phases of the Battle of Gettysburg. Arriving in the town, his division held critical high ground north and ensured that the Army of the Potomac possessed the critical hills south of Gettysburg. Early Life John Buford was born March 4, 1826, near Versailles, KY and was the first son of John and Anne Bannister Buford. In 1835, his mother died from cholera and the family moved to Rock Island, IL. Descended from a long line of military men, the young Buford soon proved himself a skilled rider and a gifted marksmen. At the age of fifteen, he traveled to Cincinnati to work with his older half-brother on an Army Corps of Engineers project on the Licking River. While there, he attended Cincinnati College before expressing a desire to attend West Point. After year at Knox College, he was accepted to the academy in 1844. Fast Facts: Major General John Buford Rank: GeneralService: US/Union ArmyNickname: Old SteadfastBorn: March 4, 1826 in Woodford County, KYDied: December 16, 1863 in Washington, DCParents: John and Anne Bannister BufordSpouse: Martha (Pattie) McDowell DukeConflicts: Civil WarKnown For: Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Brandy Station, and Battle of Gettysburg. Becoming a Soldier Arriving at West Point, Buford proved himself a competent and determined student. Pressing through the course of study, he graduated 16th of 38 in the Class of 1848. Requesting service in the cavalry, Buford was commissioned into the First Dragoons as a brevet second lieutenant. His stay with the regiment was brief as he was soon transferred to the newly-formed Second Dragoons in 1849. Serving on the frontier, Buford took part in several campaigns against the Indians and was appointed regimental quartermaster in 1855. The following year he distinguished himself at the Battle of Ash Hollow against the Sioux. After aiding in peace-keeping efforts during the Bleeding Kansas crisis, Buford took part in the Mormon Expedition under Colonel Albert S. Johnston. Posted to Fort Crittenden, UT in 1859, Buford, now a captain, studied the works of military theorists, such as John Watts de Peyster, who advocated for replacing the traditional line of battle with the skirmish line. He also became an adherent of the belief that cavalry should fight dismounted as mobile infantry rather than charge into battle. Buford was still at Fort Crittenden in 1861 when the Pony Express brought word of the attack on Fort Sumter. The Civil War Begins With the beginning of the Civil War, Buford was approached by the Governor of Kentucky regarding taking a commission to fight for the South. Though from a slave-holding family, Buford believed his duty was to the United States and flatly refused. Traveling east with his regiment, he reached Washington, DC and was appointed assistant inspector general with the rank of major in November 1861. Buford remained in this backwater post until Major General John Pope, a friend from the prewar army, rescued him in June 1862. Promoted to brigadier general, Buford was given command of the II Corps Cavalry Brigade in Popes Army of Virginia. That August, Buford was one of a few Union officers to distinguish themselves during the Second Manassas Campaign. In the weeks leading to the battle, Buford provided Pope with timely and vital intelligence. On August 30, as Union forces were collapsing at Second Manassas, Buford led his men in a desperate fight at Lewis Ford to buy Pope time to retreat. Personally leading a charge forward, he was wounded in the knee by a spent bullet. Though painful, it was not a serious injury.​​​ Army of the Potomac While he recovered, Buford was named Chief of Cavalry for Major General George McClellans Army of the Potomac. A largely administrative position, he was in this capacity at the Battle of Antietam in September 1862. Kept in his post by Major General Ambrose Burnside he was present at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13. In the wake of the defeat, Burnside was relieved and Major General Joseph Hooker took command of the army. Returning Buford to the field, Hooker gave him command of the Reserve Brigade, 1st Division, Cavalry Corps. Buford first saw action in his new command during the Chancellorsville Campaign as part Major General George Stonemans raid into Confederate territory. Though the raid itself failed to achieve its objectives, Buford performed well. A hands-on commander, Buford was often found near the front lines encouraging his men. Old Steadfast Recognized as one of the top cavalry commanders in either army, his comrades referred to him as Old Steadfast. With Stonemans failure, Hooker relieved the cavalry commander. While he considered the reliable, quiet Buford for the post, he instead selected the flashier Major General Alfred Pleasonton. Hooker later stated that he felt that made a mistake in overlooking Buford. As part of the reorganization of the Cavalry Corps, Buford was given command of the 1st Division. In this role, he commanded the right wing of Pleasontons attack on Major General J.E.B. Stuarts Confederate cavalry at Brandy Station on June 9, 1863. In a day-long fight, Bufords men succeeded in driving back the enemy before Pleasonton ordered a general withdrawal. In the following weeks, Bufords division provided key intelligence regarding Confederate movements north and frequently clashed with Confederate cavalry. Gettysburg Entering Gettysburg, PA on June 30, Buford realized that the high ground south of the town would be key in any battle fought in the area. Knowing that any combat involving his division would be a delaying action, he dismounted and posted his troopers on the low ridges north and northwest of town with the goal of buying time for the army to come up and occupy the heights. Attacked the next morning by Confederate forces, his outnumbered men fought a two and half hour holding action which allowed for Major General John Reynolds I Corps to arrive on the field. As the infantry took over the fight, Bufords men covered their flanks. On July 2, Bufords division patrolled the southern part of the battlefield before being withdrawn by Pleasanton. Bufords keen eye for terrain and tactical awareness on July 1 secured for the Union the position from which they would win the Battle of Gettysburg and turn the tide of the war. In the days following the Union victory, Bufords men pursued General Robert E. Lees army south as it withdrew to Virginia. Final Months Though only 37, Bufords relentless style of command was hard on his body and by mid-1863 he suffered severely from rheumatism. Though he frequently needed assistance mounting his horse, he often remained in the saddle all day. Buford continued to effectively lead the 1st Division through the fall and the inconclusive Union campaigns at Bristoe and Mine Run. On November 20, Buford was forced to leave the field due to an increasingly severe case of typhoid. This forced him to turn down an offer from Major General William Rosecrans to take over the Army of the Cumberlands cavalry. Traveling to Washington, Buford stayed at the home of George Stoneman. With his condition worsening, his former commander appealed to President Abraham Lincoln for a deathbed promotion to major general. Lincoln agreed and Buford was informed in his final hours. Around 2:00 PM on December 16, Buford died in the arms of his aide Captain Myles Keogh. Following a memorial service in Washington on December 20, Bufords body was transported to West Point for burial. Beloved by his men, the members of his former division contributed to have a large obelisk built over his grave in 1865.

Sociology of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sociology of Education - Essay Example The new approach to education supports the idea that these are the families and private persons, who must be responsible for education, leaving minimum space for old objects of regulation. The incidence of state decreased, whereas the society is treated in terms of market and economy. The society is under reconstruction. But due to the fact that many state responsibilities inherent to old model of society are about to disappear, the rights of citizens are suppressed by the consumer rights. So some elements of solving the problems in the sphere of education were passed to the private sector. Present financial crisis and economic decline that still goes on both in the UK and the USA make evident that educational system is revised and reassessed. There are some points that are common for the both countries and these points are most demonstrative factors to show that revision is necessary, as it is dictated by the conditions of reality. These factors are as follows: it is a tendency to blame teachers for level of education doesn't meet the requirements of the society, as well as reducing the funds that are meant for educational needs and putting higher standards with the help of market management. This resulted in a flood of laws and recommendations given to the representatives of educational system. However, a significant part of these recommendations appeared to be a factor disturbing, rather than supporting the teachers in the process of changes made. The attempts of changing existing conditions have some differences in the USA and the UK and can be better seen in comparison. The essence of the educational reform in the USA lies in restructuring, in other words, providing for definite changes in structure, environment, organizations and curriculum of educational system. Changes include giving parents more opportunities of participating in school life and learning, or creating councils, or establishing school management and common problem-solving. Hallinger & Hausman (1993) described a plan that includes major points that should be taken into consideration while working upon the plans of reconstruction: "the decentralization of authority through school-based management; shared decision-making at each school site; a system of controlled parental choice concerning pupil attendance; and curricula organized around distinctive themes reflecting different educational philosophies ... The primary motivation was the district's commitment to the development of a viable and effective way to attain ethnic balance in its elementary schools." (Hallinger, P. & Hausman, C. 1993) The frames and schemes of restructuring differ in various states, cities and schools, but there is one general idea of reformation which is implemented in all these plans of restructuring. Some schools regard changes in structure as obligatory, the others find them optional. However, one of the most meaningful issues that refer to the essence of reformation is its effect on the nature, purpose and content of the teacher's functions. Usually restructuring presupposes a change from stressed administrative role to a flexible leadership, while in the

Euthanasia should be illegal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Euthanasia should be illegal - Research Paper Example On the other hand, voluntary euthanasia is one which includes the consent of the patient while involuntary euthanasia does not include the consent of the patients because they are not in a position to make any credible decision (Kon 459). Lastly, involuntary euthanasia occurs when a person requests not to be killed only to end up being killed. This paper will give reasons why it’s immoral for the physicians to assist in suicide. According to the constitution of United States, every citizen has the right to live. The constitution also states clearly that there is no one who has the right to take the life of the other. As a result, it’s illegal and unethical for any person to decide if the other person will live or not. With the increasing stress levels in the world, making such a move to be legal will lead to increased cases of euthanasia (Pereira 1075). Many physicians will be faced with many cases of voluntary euthanasia. It’s immoral for any physicians to help either in voluntary and involuntary euthanasia. Research indicates that when patients are in very intense pain, they are likely to take actions that are regrettable. As a result, voluntary euthanasia is an unethical way of giving a person who is not of sound mind an opportunity to make a critical decision about his existence. Allowing physician assisted suicide will increase cases of negligence in our hospitals. Currently, the number of negligence cases in the health facilities has increased tremendously. As a result, when physicians are given the ability to terminate the lives of patients suffering from painful and terminal diseases, they will not put any effort to prolong the lives of these people. Instead, they will just be administering lethal drugs to such patients in order to end their lives. Therefore, they will get an escape route, an aspect that will reduce their levels

Examine the view that media industries view audiences as commodities Essay

Examine the view that media industries view audiences as commodities. Discuss with reference to at least two theorists - Essay Example Notwithstanding the varied nature of broadcasting in each of these systems, the fundamental purposes remain more or less the same - advocating for social and business issues, including marketing, advertising, public relations, propaganda and political communication. When it comes to entertainment, mass media plays a key role in the production and distribution of music, acting and sports (Croteau and Hoynes, 2003; Pg 15). Another crucial function of mass media is to make public service announcements in region-specific manner. Our article is going to focus exclusively on the interrelation between media industries and audiences - whether media industries view audiences as mere commodities or not. To address the concern of the main question we need to look at the socio-cultural impact of media on its audiences. It can be said without an iota of doubt that media and culture in today's world play a leading role in sustaining and reproducing contemporary societies, regardless of geographic barriers. Any society needs to replicate itself to survive, and culture inculcates ethics and behavioral patterns that make people susceptible to abide by institutionalized ways of intellection and conduct. Now while any form of media should ideally strive to promote harmony and ethical standards among the mass, it's often been observed that the 'narratives of media culture' present blueprints of both acceptable and unacceptable behavior, candying important social and political issues and thereby, distorting them. The audience tends to relate themselves, often paradoxically, to what is being fed to them rather than what needs to fed more often (Durham and Kellner, 2006; pg 9). Gradually the so ciety runs the risk of getting detached with the root of indigenous culture and moral standards. This is especially applicable to media and entertainment where subaltern imageries are often promoted. The subaltern classes are largely disintegrated in any society, and they are prone to impressionism to a great extent. The economic development and production of a state also interferes with their ideologies. In addition to this, the subaltern classes generally give active or passive consent to the existent hegemony (Media Studies, 2008). Now the question we have raised here has direct connections to exertion of political authority over media. According to Antonio Gramsci, the Italian Marxist theorist, the Italian fascism wielded its stifling authority over the media and other social, cultural and political establishments (Durham and Kellner, 2006 Pg 3). When similar situations occur, media starts acting as the mouthpiece of the hegemony, and it begins exploiting the audience as commodi ties by producing and distributing provocative materials that lack depth. The role of television can be held as a relevant topic of discussion in this regard. Charlotte Brunsdon raises a valid question pertaining to the ideologies of television programs from a nonacademic perspective. She also makes a liberalist evaluation of television audiences in the United Kingdom since the 1970s. She argues that while already tried and tested art forms such as theater, music and literature have principled values tagged with them; television is something more 'real', or in other words, has potential to be a medium of airing productions that can be comprehended by the mass in general, and that have extensive

Increase Safety in Retail Parking Lots Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Increase Safety in Retail Parking Lots - Essay Example Retail parking lots are a common place to be attacked by criminal because most customers are holding a lot of cash for shopping. The muggers see these shoppers as easy targets (Sennewald & Christman 2008). As a matter of fact, statistics show that police have reported to a high number of theft incidences from large retail companies. The company is obligated to return the favor of ensuring safety. Moreover, securing the parking lots next to our retail businesses would also increase our customer base since people love to shop in a place where they feel that they are secure and do not run the risk of being mugged. The main aim that the store is concerned about the customer being save in the [parking lot is to have a clear conscience. This is because if anything happens to the customers when they are within out parking lots, they we are guilty if we failed to do something that could have kept them save. Moreover, since we also work at the store, we also run the risk of being mugged or kidnapped. In order to have a clear conscience and also feel comfortable working at the store, it is our job to put all measures in place to ensure that our parking lot is safe (Vellani 2007). Although it is not possible for the company to prevent any misfortunes from befalling its customers, it is possible to take the necessary precautions for minimizing the chances of this happening by making sure that they are safe inside and outside the store. Keeping the client safe within and outside the stores is the right thing that any company can do. Most of our stores are found in unsecure neighborhood. This does not h owever mean that the customers need to feel insecure. Parking lots are the most areas prone to being attacked by mugger because they are usually deserted and the presence of many cars provides a perfect hide out for criminals. This implies that if the security within the retail stores were beefed up, then the insecurity in the

Designing a Training Program Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Designing a Training Program - Research Paper Example Consequently, the overall attitude and dedication of the employees along with its integration with the core objectives of the business is also important in ensuring the overall succession of the unit (Aguinis & Kraiger, 2009). Correspondingly, in this particular research focused would be levied on developing a training program for a group of 20 employees for a particular organization. In this process planning has been undertaken for providing training to 20 employees of the business in order to mitigate the prevailing issues of the workplace, which is highly required to make employees efficient in terms of their skills, abilities and dedication towards the work that they execute within the workplace. In this regard, it can be affirmed that appropriate training will be important in order to increases the capability of the 20 employees of the business especially towards attaining better operational performance along with dealing with the dynamics of the external environment. . Moreover, it has also been ascertained that training program will significantly assist these employees to reboot their skills and knowledge regarding the necessary roles and responsibilities that they will require to have to comply wi th the implementation of a new technology within the workplace. Besides, it is also the current organizational culture of the business that encourages the workforce to acquire the diversified skill in their respective task, which can be steered using appropriate training program (Aguinis & Kraiger, 2009). The training session has been carried out for two days with a formal procedure, which is deemed to be sufficient in developing specialization of knowledge for the employees. In this context, it has also been ascertained that the training secession will help the employees to develop soft skills and enhance their learning in the area of production and other operational related aspects. Moreover, method of

Increase Safety in Retail Parking Lots Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Increase Safety in Retail Parking Lots - Essay Example Retail parking lots are a common place to be attacked by criminal because most customers are holding a lot of cash for shopping. The muggers see these shoppers as easy targets (Sennewald & Christman 2008). As a matter of fact, statistics show that police have reported to a high number of theft incidences from large retail companies. The company is obligated to return the favor of ensuring safety. Moreover, securing the parking lots next to our retail businesses would also increase our customer base since people love to shop in a place where they feel that they are secure and do not run the risk of being mugged. The main aim that the store is concerned about the customer being save in the [parking lot is to have a clear conscience. This is because if anything happens to the customers when they are within out parking lots, they we are guilty if we failed to do something that could have kept them save. Moreover, since we also work at the store, we also run the risk of being mugged or kidnapped. In order to have a clear conscience and also feel comfortable working at the store, it is our job to put all measures in place to ensure that our parking lot is safe (Vellani 2007). Although it is not possible for the company to prevent any misfortunes from befalling its customers, it is possible to take the necessary precautions for minimizing the chances of this happening by making sure that they are safe inside and outside the store. Keeping the client safe within and outside the stores is the right thing that any company can do. Most of our stores are found in unsecure neighborhood. This does not h owever mean that the customers need to feel insecure. Parking lots are the most areas prone to being attacked by mugger because they are usually deserted and the presence of many cars provides a perfect hide out for criminals. This implies that if the security within the retail stores were beefed up, then the insecurity in the

Clinical mangament plan and nurse prescribing of patient with urinary Essay

Clinical mangament plan and nurse prescribing of patient with urinary tract infection - Essay Example In terms of the development of nurse prescribing, the progress track and rationale is straightforward; when there is a fundamental need within the healthcare system, someone must step forward to meet that need. Given the demands placed on doctors by increased patient populations and the need to prioritize toward acute or emergency cases, it was a natural solution to begin to utilize nurses and expand their role within the system. As the professionals who have the greatest level of one-on-one contact with the patients, nurses are a logical and necessary extension of the primary care physician. To simply expand their capability to prescribe medications under a doctor’s supervision is not a great leap forward in terms of logic; particularly given the amount of efficiency it brings to the overall healthcare system. Within the clinical environment, however, there has been conflict within the medical community as the technical nature of treatment modalities has increased and, with a large nursing staff presence, there has been the opening for nurses to take on greater and more difficult medical duties than were previously associated with nursing. The profession itself has â€Å"striven for many years to throw away the handmaiden mantle and get itself [sic] recognized as a profession, independent of doctors† (Brown, Crawford, & Hicks, 2003: 348). The primary issue facing nurses in general—and nurse prescribers particularly—is that many doctors see a nurse’s ability to prescribe medication as an infringement upon their territory. As with any polarizing dynamic, this is an unhealthy situation for the patients. While there are traditional and legal boundaries between the duties and practices of doctors and nurses, it is unnecessary to engage in an outright turf war; only the patients will suffer. In the UK, there continues to be the development

Of Mice and Men the Relationships Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men the Relationships Essay How does Steinbeck present the relationship between George and Lennie in this chapter? The author John Steinbeck presents the relationship between the two characters, George and Lennie in different ways as they are both different characters and have different personalities. He presents it like a parent and child relationship, with George being the parent and Lennie the child. As soon as the reader is introduced to George and Lennie Steinbeck tells us that, â€Å"They had walked in single file down the path†. This immediately notifies the reader of the kind of relationship between George and Lennie, it does this by stating â€Å"single file†. This reminds us of a game called follow the leader. It also tells us that the person at the front (George) is responsible and the leader. We can also see this idea on page five. When George says, â€Å"I ain’t sure it’s good water†. This again portrays the idea of George being the responsible, as he has to tell Lennie this and Lennie can’t tell himself. It also shows us that George is concerned over Lennie’s health. This implies that George has feelings for Lennie. We again see the idea of Lennie being like a child when on page sixteen he wants a story told to him again. This tells us Lennie is child like because this situation is like a parent reading a child a bedtime story. After drinking from the pool, when they are sat on the hill Lennie imitates George’s actions â€Å"he pulled his hat down a little more over his eyes the way George’s hat was.† Our immediate interpretation is that Lennie looks up to George as a role model, the quote â€Å"way George’s hat was† suggests he acts just like him and mimics him how a son would to a father. We also notice that Lennie tries to be clever towards George to show that he is smart even though he is not, â€Å"he said cleverly†. We can see throughout chapter one that George several times feels sorry for Lennie. the phrase â€Å"poor bastard† not only tells that there is a sense of sympathy from George in the relationship, but it also sort of makes the reader feel sorry for Lennie, Steinbeck also implies this through stating that George â€Å"looked ashamedly at the fire†. I could also notice when I was reading through the first chapter that George has a sense of authority over Lennie, â€Å"you gonna get that wood†. This is like a parent telling a child to do his chores. On some occasions though George shows a bit of hatred towards Lennie, he thinks of what he could have if Lennie wasn’t around and contrasts that with George. There is also a sense of lack of trust in the relationship  between the two men. We see this through the predicament with the work cards. It tells us that George again has to take care of Lennie, and that Lennie isn’t trusted by George. Again this idea is portrayed to the reader on page seventeen, we notice that George knows that he needs a plan b as Lennie cannot be trusted so his plan b is to tell Lennie to â€Å"hide in the brush until I come for you†. This helps us to understand the relationship even further. George also treats Lennie like a dog in one occasion in the chapter, â€Å"good boy†. This is something a master would say to a dog to encourage them, it also tells us the sort of role in the relationship George has again. In conclusion, we see that Steinbeck uses various techniques to portray the relationship between George and Lennie. But the main method is the idea of George being like a parent to Lennie.

Romanticism and Realism Comparison

Romanticism and Realism Comparison Romanticism and Realism are both different literary movements, but are closely related in time and history. Romanticism is best characterized as a movement of art, literature, and way of thought in the middle of the 18th century. Romanticism was sparked by the Industrial Revolution. Romanticism was in essence a protest of the Enlightenment period. Many people did not approve of the fact that scientific discoveries were being made about nature, many wanted nature to stay as a pure, and work of God, not scientific discovery. The Romanticism era tried to revolt from the Enlightenment and science by focusing time and effort on literature, music, art, natural history, and education (Romanticism). ÂÂ  As the middle 19th century approached, many were hesitant to trust this romantic train of thought. People wanted to find peace in knowing why things happened and to separate from supernatural explanations (Earle). Having an explanation in science made many feel more confident and liked t hat events could be explained scientifically, rather than an idea they could not prove. Many can tell the difference between Romanticism and Realism easiest by the plot and characterization. Throughout these literary movements, many authors made their claim to fame by writing terrific literature that fit their style of writing and the literary movement in which they were a part of. ÂÂ   An important author that contributed great work in the era of Romanticism was William Wordsworth. Wordsworth was born in 1770, in what many would call the scenic area of England. William Wordsworth was the second of five children of the John and Ann Wordsworth. Although he produced many famous pieces of poetry, he is most famous for his poem I wonder lonely as a cloud. I wonder lonely as a cloud is a poem of a of society that is moving from the claim liking of nature and imagination towards the harms of reality and away from Gods creation. This poem by Wordsworth is very much characterized as a Romanticism piece of writing. The entire poem is based around love, guilt, and sin. Romanticism literature has more of a psychological feel, appeals more to the inside of someone. The setting and facts of the story is not as important as what the characters or in many cases the given metaphor are going through. Although, the Puritan society background really aids in the full understand of why Wordsworth is going through the digression of the natural world, the main point of the poem is to demonstrate the natural side of the everyday world and the movement or change in society. For example, in the poem I wonder lonely as a cloud William depicts A poet could not but be gay, in such a jocund company: I gazedand gazedbut little thought what wealth the show to me had brought (Wordsworth). This confirms this poem as a piece of romanticism literature not just because of the time period, but the scheme. The poem is talking about the gifts that God had given us in terms of imagination and more importantly the natural world. The main point of this story is change, making it a part of the romantic scheme of poetry, clearly fitting the era in which it was written. Another famous writer in the Romanticism period was Edgar Allan Poe. Poe is greatly known for his rather dark works. Poe was born in 1809 and died in 1849, amidst this romantic time frame. He was a critic and literary mastermind, practically inventing the mystery type genre (Poes Life). ÂÂ  Most of his poetry and other writing pieces are dark, almost demented, with a rather negative connotation. His most famous poetry that takes on a romantic feel is The Raven. The Raven is dark poem depicting a man who has mourning about his lover. A raven visits a man while he is debating himself, to forgive or forget his dead lover. This is considered a romanticism piece of work since he shows his romantic and sensitive side toward he lost love. He clearly explains his thoughts of his love and how it is effecting him emotionally, And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain/ Thrilled me filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; /So that now, to still the beating of my heart (Poe). This really portrays the romanticism of this poem because he talks about his mourning and how he is still sad and lonely without his love. He goes on to explain he is still living, but feels like he is not without her with him. This is surprising to think that Poe had a part in the romanticism era despite his dark work before, yet this time period was so significant to authors and artists that he was still influenced by it. Although the Romanticism era had a great effect on arts all around the world, with the turn of the 19th century, realism was the craze to write to and about. One of the most famous realism authors in American literature was Mark Twain. Although most of his work was in the 19th century, his lasting realism works have been enjoyed since then. He was born in Florida and as he grew up, became a printmakers apprentice. As he was immersed into the world of words, he became a reporter and soon began writing of his own imagination (Biography). His most famous works include The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Twain is represented through the realism era because he did not write about magic, mystical, and such a focus on love, he focused on depicting life in a realistic manner. For example, in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, he explains a story in which a young boy is neglected and abused by his father. Realism was all about the historical time frame and re ference, and writing about events and situations that actually happened in real life. Huck explains his life and when his father gets drunk, Then the old man got to cussing and cussed everything and everybody he could think of, and then cussed them all over again to make sure he hadnt skipped any (Twain). ÂÂ  This quote perfectly shows that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn had showed and explained many real life events and things that were happening in society, making it a great impact in the Realism era. Next to Mark Twain, Emily Dickinson was one of the other most significant contributors to Realism literature. Emily was born in 1830 in Massachusetts to her proud parents. She was very bright at a very young age, but was restricted by her strict religion (Pettinger). Although Emily was influenced by the Romanticism era of nature, she was influenced by her harsh realities of life and society, which is best described as realism. For example, her famous poem Because I could not stop for Death explains the harsh reality of dying, but her calm take on it. Dickinsons explanation that death is a part of life and we should not fear it is greatly characterized by realism, since real life comes with death. Her serine thoughts on death are summed up in the first 2 lines of her poem, Because I could not stop for Death-/He kindly stopped for me-/ (Dickinson). This clearly can be considered realism since it deals with such a real issue, something that goes on in life and society every day. Overall, the Romanticism and Realism era has produced some of the greatest works of art, music, literature, and theories. As you inspect both eras, you can easily see how they play off each other. Romanticism was the product of resisting the Enlightenment and taking a stance for the arts. Hawthorne and Poe greatly demonstrate their romanticism attitude by writing about the psychological effects of a person; love, mourning, and guilt. Romanticism is the use of the heart and internal struggles of individuals and how they are relating to each other and nature. As time and science advanced, many took the path of realism, literature they could relate to and explaining society. Twain and Dickinson take Realism to a whole new level, by explaining thoroughly society problems and real life events that everyone deals with. Both eras have extreme importance in literary movements and have showed the transition of history has an influence on the arts.

Hacker Crackdown :: essays research papers

The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier by Bruce Sterling is a book that focuses on the events that occurred on and led up to the AT&T long-distance telephone switching system crashing on January 15, 1990. Not only was this event rare and unheard of it took place in a time when few people knew what was exactly going on and how to fix the problem. There were a lot of controversies about the events that led up to this event and the events that followed because not only did it happen on Martin Luther King Day, but few knew what the situation truly entailed. There was fear, skepticism, disbelief and worry surrounding the people that were involved and all of the issues that it incorporated. After these events took place the police began to crackdown on the law enforcement on hackers and other computer based law breakers. The story of the Hacker Crackdown is technological, sub cultural, criminal, and legal. There were many raids that took place and it became a sym bolic debate between fighting serious computer crime and protecting the civil liberties of those involved. In this book Sterling discusses three cyberspace subcultures known as the hacker underworld, the realm of the cyber cops, and the idealistic culture for the cyber civil libertarians. At the beginning of the story Sterling starts out with discussing the birth of cyberspace and how it came about. The Hacker Crackdown informs the readers of the issues surrounding computer crime and the people on all sides of those problems. Sterling gives a brief summary of what cyberspace meant back then and how it impacted society, and he investigates the past, present and future of computer crimes. For instance he explains how the invention of the telephone led to a world that people were scared of because the telephone was something that was able to let people talk to one another without actually being in the same area. People thought that it was so strange and so different because they didn’t understand all of the information behind it. Back then people thought of the telephone as a tool tha t allowed others to talk to them in a way that was so personal yet impersonal. Sterling then goes on to explain how â€Å"phone phreaks† played such an important part in relating the telephones to computer crimes and how they were so closely related back then.

North Korea Essay Essay

Imagine how life would be like if you lived in North Korea. A country so isolated and cut off from the rest of the world. Even after many decades from the war, North Korea and America have never truly been friends. North Korea holds America responsible for dividing their country into North and South. However there are many similarities and differences between America and North Korea. America is very different from North Korea. While we have a Constitution with a Bill of Rights, amendments and basic freedoms, they must follow whatever their leader says with no exceptions. Even though North Korea has a constitution and amendments, the leader still controls all of the country. American citizens are able to vote for their countries leader unlike North Korea, in which where the son of the leader takes his father’s place with ruling the country. So, only one man rules North Korea and all decisions are made by him. Distinct from North Korea, where people don’t have the due process of law, Americans have the right to try to prove that they are not guilty. North Koreans are brought up to love their leader and aren’t allowed to believe in anything else. For them, their leader is the greatest and he is always right. On the other hand, Americans are allowed to believe in whatever religion they choose is right for them. American citizens are all granted equal protection unlike North Korea where only high-ranking officials are provided with those same basic protections. Also, there is no Internet, and cell phones are banned from the country, which block the people from communicating with the rest of the world. Most Americans are provided with basic needs, but in North Korea, a lot of people (child or adult) go blind because they don’t have those basic needs. Lastly, because hospitals and medical care in North Korea is so bad, many people don’t get the treatment that they desperately need. Thankfully, in the U.S., we have good Medicare and trained doctors who are able to cure people every day. American rights also have many similarities to those of North Korean citizen. Both countries have very strong militaries. We similarly strive to become independent countries. The people in America and North Korea have responsibilities, duties, and limited rights. For example like paying taxes and respecting the leader/president. Even though the strictness of these  three elements may change in each country, people in both countries still have to do these things. Although America is a democratic country and North Korea is a theocracy, they both have a strong government system. North Korea is ruled by Kim Jon Sun, our government has three branches and a president. Citizens of America are required to have a passport to travel to other countries, which is a lot like how North Korean’s are needed to have documentation in order to go to different places in their country. There are certainly more differences than similarities between America and North Korea. Living in North Korea would most definitely not be easy. So many things are available to us in the U.S. that wouldn’t be available to us in North Korea. American citizens have fair rights and can believe in whatever they want. We are able to travel to other countries and live according to our rules. Over looking all of the pros and cons of both countries, America would undeniably be an easier and more unrestricted country to live in.

The movie “A Beautiful Mind” Essay

The movie is titled â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† and the psychological disorder that is depicted in it is schizophrenia. In the movie, the main character is Josh Nash is depicted as being schizophrenic in the following ways. In one instance, he is revealed as being able to hear voices that other people could not hear. This voices are seen as controlling agents of the actions he does. The voices in the movie control his thoughts and to some extend seem like they want to harm him. His behavior is quiet terrifying to the people around Nash. The depiction of psychological disorder of schizophrenia is a true picture of the condition as it occurs in real life. Another symptom of the disorder that was evident in the movie is the fact the sitting for several hours without any movement or speech. Nash had bout where he could not move or speak for a lot of hours. This is the typical behavior of schizophrenic people. He seemed fine most of the time but as soon as he made a revelation of what was on his mind people were shocked on what was going on in his mind. The portrayal of an individual with schizophrenic disorder in the movie â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† was indeed a realistic portrayal of the disorder CITATION Bus03 l 1033 ( Buss & Buss, 2003). My reaction after viewing the movie is that schizophrenia is a psychological disorder that affects families and societies in general. The people who are diagnosed with this condition find it quiet difficult to live a normal life as they rely so much on other people to help them in their daily activities. The only solution to it is by coping with the symptoms of the disease. References BIBLIOGRAPHY Buss, E. H., & Buss, A. H. (2003). Schizophrenia: Seven Approaches. Transaction Publishers. Source document

Why Did Political Parties Spring Up in the United States in the 1790s

Why did political parties spring up in the United States in the 1790s? Why did political parties spring up in the United States in the 1790s? On the 30th April 1789 America’s first President, George Washington was elected into office and was to stay in power until 1797. Within this time the political scope of the United States of America expanded hugely, giving birth to the politics in which we see in America even to this present day.This essay will tackle the many aspects of the development of political parties; from the economic plans adopted by Alexander Hamilton, which forged America’s first bank in 1791, to the ways in which Americans viewed the Constitution put in place in 1789 causing the birth of Federalist and Republican attitudes throughout the United States of America. A major factor in the creation of political parties came through the influence of Alexander Hamilton. During his time as Secretary of the Treasury to George Washington, Hamilton devised five ec onomic programs as a result of his Nation Government ideology.Eric Foner argues that: ‘Political divisions first surfaced over the financial plan developed†¦ in 1790 and 1791’[1]. Hamilton’s financial models won strong support from the American financiers and manufacturers, and the models would only work if America created close links with Great Britain. This ideology sparked resistance from Jefferson and Madison, as they both believed that ‘the future lay in Westward expansion’[2] and thus, the foundations for political divisions were in place due to the ideological differences between Jefferson and Hamilton.Therefore, it can be argued that Hamilton was the main initial influence to instigate political thought in America. However, although political divisions began to emerge over Hamilton's financial plans, it was the events that occurred in Europe that acted as a catalyst for creating two coherent political parties. At first, the French Revolu tion didn’t stir any conflict between Jefferson and Hamilton but after the execution of King Louis XVI, war broke out between France and Great Britain and inevitably against Jefferson and Hamilton.On the one hand, Jefferson argued that ‘Revolution marked a historic victory for the idea of popular self-government’[3] however Hamilton; as stated by Bruce Miroff, ‘set himself resolutely against the rising tide of democracy’[4] and the events of the Revolution made the links with Britain even more significant for him. Economically America was torn. Alexander Hamilton’s economic plans for the federal government to pay off the revolutionary war debts, and the creation of a national bank were vastly disputed.Thomas Jefferson expressed massive disputes with the policies, as he thought of them as unconstitutional and would create class barriers. The historian Ryan P. Randolph argued in favour of Jefferson’s views, stating, â€Å"It was not in t he best interests of the landowners they represented. †[5] Jefferson’s view of a development of patriarchal society is also supported by historian John P. Kaminski who argued that â€Å"The foundation of the Bank of America would ally the federal government with wealthy shareholders†¦ the assumption of the state’s wartime debts by the federal government would also bountifully benefit this favoured class. [6] Hamilton however admired Britain’s reforms, which restored its financial health, and therefore modelled American financial policies in part on William Pitt’s in an attempt to restore America’s own finances. However the success of Hamilton’s program depended on cooperation with Britain, as duty on imports provided a major source of federal income and most imports came from Britain. Jefferson however is argued to have a deeply hostile towards Britain. His somewhat Anglophobia is argued to have played a huge part in his drifting from Hamilton and the formation of the traditional Jeffersonian viewpoints in which founded the Republican Party.However there wasn’t a complete disagreement over Britain, as Jefferson admired the technological advances in Britain, but didn’t see the US industry base in a similar manner as Americans â€Å"worked for themselves and not for others. †[7] Hamilton and Jefferson retained explicitly different opinions on economics, showing bias towards small government power, and a large, somewhat Conservative approach, using large government power to rule the entire country, causing divisions in opinions and the development of the Federalist and Republican Parties. Social divisions can also be attributed to the formation of political parties n America as the new Federalist scheme caused class barriers throughout America. This can be seen in the case of farmers who were pushed towards Republican opinion by the 1790s. In 1792 the Militia Act organised 18-24 year olds into militia units to act against Native Indians, however these were later used against farmers as a way of enforcing the excise taxes places on items such as Whiskey (passed by congress in 1791). This caused hardship and farmers began to revolt by tarring and feathering. In 1794 the government led 1500 militia to West Pennsylvania in a similar resistance to the Stamp Act’s Boston Massacre in 1774.This as a whole caused a division between the farming community and the government, which led to further support of Jefferson and the Republican party as farmers felt like the big government leadership was only working in favour of richer classes and causing splits in society, which in turn were represented through political parties. Henceforth, following the French Revolution, the two main ideologies were established, the parties became increasingly coherent and in the mid 1790’s they developed into the Federalist and the Republicans.Therefore, it can be argued that without the French Revolution there would be no political parties because the war against France and Great Britain caused a split, not only ideologically but geographically in America. Therefore, Hamilton’s input definitely begun the era of politics but he was not the most influential factor in the overall development of the first political parties. The Constitution may also be argued to be a contributing factor in the development of political parties as some argue that Federalists ‘loosely’ followed the Constitution, whereas Jeffersonians ‘strictly’ followed it.The historian John H. Aldrich argues that â€Å"Ratification of the Constitution launched America’s â€Å"great experiment,† testing the viability of democracy. This experiment began before national political parties were invented†[8] and therefore the constitution forced Americans into a democratic society in which made it somewhat compulsory to form an opinion, which was expres sed through support of political parties. However, historian Peter W. Schramm argues, â€Å"The American Founders believed that parties were antithetical to republican government. [9] This to some extent could be due to an American desire to not have political parties, and therefore be able to express personal opinions through a democracy rather than two distinctly polarized opinions. Nevertheless, it would be almost impossible to argue that the ratification of the Constitution did not have any effect on the development of political parties, and in fact one may argue that until the Constitution was implemented, Americans were unable to express their political opinions in a democratic manner, as there was no field for expression.The Constitution also had an effecting glance on the â€Å"people’s† view of Thomas Jefferson, the supposed â€Å"American founding father. If Thomas Jefferson had any authority to influence the political uprising in the States when he was in charge and seated as president, it certainly wasn’t shown when Jefferson took up the position of the secretary of state as Senator William Maclay observed, â€Å"He sits in a lounging manner†¦His whole figure has a loose and shackling air. [10] Maclay demonstrates that the role of presidency has a profound effect on the subject and ultimately Jefferson. The fact that Jefferson was seated in an important political establishment, and seated in an undignified manner, questions Jefferson’s real commitment to the political affairs happening at that time or was he biding his time, waiting for the next presidential election? The political uprising showed that presidential influence could have a massive impact on national affairs.Although Thomas Jefferson was in France at the time the Federal Constitution was introduced in 1787, he was able to influence the development of the federal government through his correspondence. Jefferson played a major role in the planning, de sign, and construction of a national capitol and the federal district. In the various public offices he held, Jefferson sought to establish a federal government of limited powers. In the 1800 presidential election, Jefferson and Aaron Burr deadlocked, creating a constitutional crisis.However, once Jefferson received sufficient votes in the election, he and his long-term friend, John Adams, established the principle that power would be passed peacefully from losers to victors in presidential elections. Jefferson called his election triumph â€Å"the second American Revolution. † There were many problems and arguments however, confronting the Founding Fathers like, for example, slavery. The North versus the South divide was deepening. Jefferson himself was a wealthy plantation owner and owned many slaves.Although he knew it was wrong as he said it was â€Å"a moral depravity† and â€Å"a hideous blot†[11], he couldn’t give up his wealth and his earnings. Ma ny historians have debated whether Jefferson was an actual opposition of slavery or not as he owned such a large number of slaves himself. Jefferson also commented that slavery presented the greatest threat to the survival of the â€Å"new American nation†. This â€Å"new American nation† would see these political parties spring up and finally abolish slavery in 1865 in the 13th Amendment.Nonetheless Jefferson had an impact on the political parties and their views on such subjects like slavery through his ability to become â€Å"a captivating talker and a natural leader†[12]James Madison, Jefferson’s succeeded in the presidential role, fully supported the Constitution and its values as it was a huge factor in the political restoration of society of the United States. Madison was to come into power in the 1808 election after Thomas Jefferson retired due to illness and old age. The creation of these political parties due to the Constitution being erected is an underpinning factor why Jefferson remained in power for a second term.This was due to the fact that not only did Jefferson had little opposition from Burr or Madison, but Jefferson also campaigned against the Constitution and its values as he thought that with too much power, the government would quickly become oppressive and dominant. To conclude, it would be impossible to imagine the creation of political parties in the United States without taking into account the underpinning factor that is the introduction of the Constitution in the United States of America.Without the Constitution the economic situations such as the creation of a federal bank, the implication of social barriers including those found in farming communities which essentially led to a split in opinions, and most importantly, the political divisions – most famously seen in the case of the Jeffersonian-Hamilton case would have not arose leading to the creation of the Republican and Federalist parties in America. Without the Constitution, it may be argued that America would have remained in a consensus, and therefore the Constitution itself must be seen as a trigger for the development of political parties in America.Bibliography Why Parties? : The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America – John H. Aldrich, University of Chicago Press, 1 Jun 1995- pg. 6 Jefferson at Monticello, Charlottesville – Bear, James, A. Jr. – University Press of Virginia, 1967. George Washington: A Life, Ron Chernow – Page 599 â€Å"Give Me Liberty! † – Eric Foner (Seagull Third Edition) (Vol. 1), W. W. Norton ; Company, 2011 Sketches of Debate in the First Senate – William Maclay et al, Lane S. Hart, Printer, 1880, Page 212 Thomas Jefferson: Philosopher and Politician – John P.Kaminski, UW-Madison Libraries Parallel Press, 1 Jan 2006 – pg. 54 A History of the United States: Inventing America – P. Maier et al, W. W. Norton ; Company Ltd. , 2002 Alexander Hamilton's Economic Plan: Solving Problems in America's New Economy – Ryan P. Randolph, The Rosen Publishing Group, 1 May 2003 – pg. 20. American Political Parties and Constitutional Politics – Peter W. Schramm, Bradford P. Wilson – pg. 17 ———————– [1] Eric Foner: ‘Give Me Liberty’ Page 282 [2] Eric Foner: ‘Give Me Liberty’ Page 284 3] Eric Foner: ‘Give Me Liberty’ Page 286 [4] Bruce Miroff: ‘Hamilton: The Aristocrat as Visionary’ Page 43 [5] Page 20 – Alexander Hamilton's Economic Plan: Solving Problems in America's New Economy – Ryan P. Randolph, The Rosen Publishing Group, 1 May 2003 [6] Page 54 – Thomas Jefferson: Philosopher and Politician – John P. Kaminski, UW-Madison Libraries Parallel Press, 1 Jan 2006 [7] A History of the United States: Inventing America – P. Maier et al, W. W. Norton & Company Ltd. , 2002 [8] Page 6 – Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America – John H. Aldrich, University of Chicago Press, 1 Jun 1995 [9] Page 17 – American Political Parties and Constitutional Politics – Peter W. Schramm, Bradford P. Wilson [10] Sketches of Debate in the First Senate – William Maclay, Lane S. Hart, Printer, 1880, Page 212 [11] Bear, James, A. Jr. – Jefferson at Monticello, Charlottesville – University Press of Virginia, 1967. [12] George Washington: A Life, Ron Chernow – Page 599